Need a proper workout routine/system

[Wazdingo]

Okay, so a little background info first. I am 24 years old, 5'9" 174lbs. I have gone to the gym on and off for 3 years now but most recent and hopefully permanent stint started about 4 weeks ago. I go 5 days a week monday-friday, and might bump that up to 6 to include saturday. What I have been doing so far is 10 minutes cardio (elliptical generally) followed by weight training with one major and one minor muscle group a day, 3/4 exercises each respectively, with additional core exercises on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, followed by an additional 20 minutes of cardio. I have lifting groups as biceps/chest, triceps/back, and shoulders/legs. Until recently I have been going up in weight each gym visit doing 3 sets on each exercise of 12/10/8 increasing the weight I am doing by 10-20lbs between sets depending on if the exercise is isolated or not.
I have hit the first plateau which i have always had trouble clearing when i go. I know routine is not optimal for goals which are to gain muscle, tone that muscle, and increase endurance. I am not looking to be bulky, but strength is not where I want it to be, and I need the optimal way to reach lifting goals, followed by the optimal way to tone it thereafter. I have heard varying ideas, from power sets, drop sets, isometric exercise, and everything else.
For an idea of what goals are for strength, I would like to be benching around 200lbs, doing leg presses around double weight, and curling around 60-70lbs. For now I exercise alone at a gym with a wide selection of machines and free weights, and because I am alone I use machines, because until I am confident in strength, I don't want to risk injury. I am willing to spend between an hour and an hour and a half at the gym per day and usually go late morning or early afternoon.

With all this in mind, what would be the ideal routines for first putting on the raw strength for goals, and then for toning at that level so while I am not necessarily increasing strength I have the endurance to perform at that level for an extended period of time?

Also, what amount of protein/calories should I be intaking during this?

If there is any other pertinent information you need to know feel free to ask.

[Boss Man]

What meals do you eat and what times do you eat?

I think right now isolating diet is better than faffing about with routine, after routine, after routine and potentially getting nowhere, because the calorie intake is a hinderance.

[Wazdingo]

I generally eat when i get up around 9am, usually cereal or toast, with a protein shake made with milk and fiber. I eat a small snack between 100-200 calories before i go to the gym at noon. Then I eat lunch after workout with another protein shake made with milk a sandwich and something small on the side. Then I eat dinner at around 530, usually soup or grilled chicken and rice or beans. I finish up with a small snack around 9 when i get back from school and am in bed and asleep between 12 and 1

[Boss Man]

Slight issue with meal spacings later on.

I'd say have the 5:30 meal around 6:30, then you're free to have another meal around 4:00-4:30, so you're eating again around 2 hours after the post-workout meal and around 2 hours before the main meal.

This might then give you some extra calories to help you.

Everything else seems pretty good, so I'd leave it there for now and I think just make the minor modifications I suggested, leave your workouts as they are and see how you get on.